Post-collisional Variscan lamprophyres (Black Forest, Germany): Ar/Ar phlogopite dating, Nd, Pb, Sr isotope, and trace element characteristics     

E. Hegner  M. Klbl-Ebert  J. Loeschke 《Lithos》1998,45(1-4):395-411

Subsequent to high-pressure and temperature metamorphism of the axial zone of the Variscan foldbelt in central Europe at ca. 340 to 330 Ma, formation of lamprophyre dikes during transtensional tectonics may be viewed as the beginning of the post-collisional stage of the orogeny. We report the results of ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar mica dating, major and trace element data, and isotope compositions for lamprophyre and rhyodacite samples from the southern Black Forest. The chemical compositions of these rocks shed light on the upper mantle and crust at the end of the Variscan orogeny. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar plateau ages for four phlogopite–biotite separates from lamprophyres indicate emplacement at 332 to 314 Ma. This event coincides with melting of the crust as indicated by ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar biotite plateau ages of ca. 332 Ma for rhyodacite dikes which are probably related to coeval undeformed granites. Incompatible trace element patterns of the lamprophyre samples reveal the characteristics of evolved continental crust and are interpreted as evidence for melting of sediment in a subduction-modified mantle. Nd, Sr, and Pb isotope compositions indicate an enriched mantle source with _Nd-values of −1.5 to −6.8 which is similar to Variscan crust. Significant contamination of the lamprophyric melts by Variscan crust can be ruled out as mantle-derived phlogopite phenocrysts have similar _Nd-values as in the whole-rock samples. We propose that the isotope compositions and incompatible trace element characteristics of the lamprophyres were predominantly inherited from melted sediment. The isotope compositions of Variscan lamprophyres from western Europe suggest that enriched upper mantle was only partly delaminated when ascending hot mantle triggered melting of the lower crust, as has been invoked for the origin of post-collisional granites. The isotope compositions of Tertiary basalts and mantle xenoliths indicate a depleted upper mantle under western Europe, implying that the enriched Variscan material was efficiently removed and mixed into the convecting mantle.  相似文献   

Tracing element sources of hydrothermal mineral deposits: REE and Y distribution and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes in fluorite from MVT deposits in the Pennine Orefield,England   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Michael?BauEmail author  Rolf?L.?Romer  Volker?Lüders  Peter?Dulski 《Mineralium Deposita》2003,38(8):992-1008

Fluorite from Mississippi Valley Type (MVT) deposits in the South Pennine Orefield, England, displays significantly different distributions of rare earths and yttrium (REY) compared to fluorite from similar MVT deposits in the North Pennine Orefield. Samples from the South Pennine Orefield display negative Ce and positive Gd and Y anomalies but lack any Eu anomaly, indicating that the REY were mobilized from relatively pure marine sedimentary carbonates. In marked contrast, fluorite from the North Pennine Orefield lacks any Ce and Gd anomalies but shows a pronounced positive Eu anomaly, suggesting that the REY were provided by different source rock(s), that the mineralizing hydrothermal fluid had experienced higher temperatures prior to fluorite precipitation, and that it was derived from deeper crustal levels in the north compared to the south. The isotopic composition of Sr in Blue John fluorite from the South Pennine Orefield suggests that Sr was mobilized from Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian) limestones, whereas Pb isotopes suggest that in contrast to REY and Sr, Pb was derived from aluminosilicate rocks. Neither Nd nor Sr or Pb isotopes can be used to radiometrically date the formation of Blue John fluorite. All isotope systems studied indicate that the limestone host rock of this fluorite mineralization did not contribute to the trace element budget of the hydrothermal fluid. Our results show that different solutes in a natural water (hydrothermal fluid, groundwater, etc.) may be derived from different sources, and that the study of a small set of elements or isotope ratios may not provide full insight into the genesis or history of a mineralization or a hydrothermal fluid. Our data provide evidence for the uncoupling of Sr, Nd and Pb during fluid-rock interaction and fluid migration, and show that the use of plots such as ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr vs. _Nd. to learn about mixing relationships (as is commonly done in igneous geochemistry) is unreliable when applied to natural waters and their precipitates.Editorial handling: B. Lehmann  相似文献   

Geochemical and organic petrological characterization of the organic matter of lacustrine Eocene oil shales (Prinz von Hessen,Germany): reconstruction of the depositional environment     

Peter?HofmannEmail author  Martina?Duckensell  Arkadi?Chpitsglous  Lorenz?Schwark 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2005,33(2):155-168

Optical and geochemical techniques were applied to sedimentary organic matter from the profundal area of the Eocene Lake Prinz von Hessen, which formed in a pull-apart basin on the Sprendlinger Horst, near Darmstadt, Germany. Variations in total sulphur content (S tot) and total organic carbon content (TOC), hydrogen index (HI), oxygen index (OI) and ¹³C values of the organic matter were used to reconstruct the lakes filling history. Following an initial rapid deepening phase, open lake conditions developed with HI reaching more than 500 mg HC/g TOC and TOC values up to 40%. The productivity of the lake was probably high and organic matter preservation was enhanced by a stratified water column. As the lake began to fill with sediment and became shallower, TOC and HI values declined, as the lake water was better oxygenated and preservation conditions declined. ¹³C values between –31 and –27 are controlled by the mixing of aquatic (algae and microbial mats) and terrigenous organic matter (wood, spores, pollen and cuticles). Following a rapid drop in lake level, shallow lake conditions alternated with swamp deposits (lignites) in the basin center. The organic matter preserved during this stage is strictly terrigenous in nature and experienced oxic degradation (HI 100 mg HC/g TOC). ¹³C values between –26 and –24 are typical for Eocene terrigenous matter. The inferred lake level fluctuations are interpreted to have been controlled by tectonic as well as climatic processes.  相似文献   

Geochemistry and the understanding of ground-water systems   总被引：12，自引：2，他引：10  

Pierre D. Glynn  L. Niel Plummer 《Hydrogeology Journal》2005,13(1):263-287

Geochemistry has contributed significantly to the understanding of ground-water systems over the last 50 years. Historic advances include development of the hydrochemical facies concept, application of equilibrium theory, investigation of redox processes, and radiocarbon dating. Other hydrochemical concepts, tools, and techniques have helped elucidate mechanisms of flow and transport in ground-water systems, and have helped unlock an archive of paleoenvironmental information. Hydrochemical and isotopic information can be used to interpret the origin and mode of ground-water recharge, refine estimates of time scales of recharge and ground-water flow, decipher reactive processes, provide paleohydrological information, and calibrate ground-water flow models. Progress needs to be made in obtaining representative samples. Improvements are needed in the interpretation of the information obtained, and in the construction and interpretation of numerical models utilizing hydrochemical data. The best approach will ensure an optimized iterative process between field data collection and analysis, interpretation, and the application of forward, inverse, and statistical modeling tools. Advances are anticipated from microbiological investigations, the characterization of natural organics, isotopic fingerprinting, applications of dissolved gas measurements, and the fields of reaction kinetics and coupled processes. A thermodynamic perspective is offered that could facilitate the comparison and understanding of the multiple physical, chemical, and biological processes affecting ground-water systems.

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Resumen La geoquímica ha contribuido significativamente al entendimiento de los sistemas de aguas subterráneas durante los últimos 50 años. Entre los avances históricos puede incluirse el desarrollo del concento de facies hidroquímicas, la aplicación de la teoría de equilibrio, investigación de los procesos oxidación-reducción, y datación con radiocarbono. Otros conceptos, herramientas y técnicas hidroquímicas han ayudado a esclarecer los mecanismos de flujo y transporte en sistemas de agua subterránea, y han ayudado a descifrar un archivo de información paleoambiental. Información hidroquímica e isotópica puede utilizarse para interpretar el origen y modo de recarga de agua subterránea, descifrar procesos reactivos, aportar información paleohidrológica, y calibrar modelos de flujo de agua subterránea. Necesita avanzarse en la obtención de muestras representativas. Se necesitan mejoras en la interpretación de la información obtenida y en la construcción e interpretación de modelos numéricos que utilizan datos hidroquímicos. El mejor enfoque asegurará un proceso iterativo optimizado entre toma y análisis de datos de campo, interpretación, y la aplicación de herramientas de modelizado estadísticas, directas, e inversas. Se anticipan avances a partir de investigaciones microbiológicas, la caracterización de orgánicos naturales, caracterización isotópica, aplicaciones de mediciones de gas disuelto, y los campos de cinética de reacción y procesos acoplados. Se ofrece una perspectiva termodinámica que podría facilitar la comparación y entendimiento de los múltiples procesos físicos, químicos, y biológicos que afectan sistemas de aguas subterráneas.

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Résumé La géochimie a contribué de façon importante à la compréhension des systèmes deaux souterraines pendant les 50 dernières années. Les avancées ont portées sur le développement du concept des faciès hydrochimiques, sur lapplication de la théorie des équilibres, létude des processus doxydoréduction, et sur la datation au radiocarbone. Dautres concepts, outils et techniques, ont aidé à l élucidation des élucider les mécanismes découlement et de transport dans les systèmes deaux souterraines, et à la compréhension des archives informations paléo-environnementales. Les informations hydrochimiques et isotopiques peuvent être utilisées pour interpréter lorigine et le mode de recharge des eaux souterraines, affiner lestimation des temps de recharge et d écoulements, déchiffrer les processus de réaction, apporter une meilleure information paléohydrogéologique et calibrer les modèles découlement des eaux souterraines. Beaucoup de progrès ont besoin dêtre réalisés pour obtenir des échantillons représentatifs. Des améliorations sont nécessaires dans linterprétation des informations obtenues, et dans la construction et linterprétation de modèles numériques utilisant des données hydrochimiques. La meilleure approches arsurément un processus itératif optimisé entre la collection de données de terrain et lanalyse, linterprétation, et lapplication doutils de modélisation statistique, inverse et direct. Des avancées sont anticipées par les dans le demeine des études microbiologiques, dans la caractérisation des matières organiques naturelles, le marquage isotopique, les mesures de gaz dissous, les réactions cinétiques la compréhension des couplages. Une perspectives thermodynamique pourraient faciliter la comparaison et la compréhension des multiples processus physiques, chimiques et biologiques qui affectent les systèmes hydrogéologiques.

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胶西北三山岛伟晶岩型脉状钼矿化成因及对胶东钼成矿的指示意义   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

文博杰  范宏瑞  胡芳芳  杨奎锋  刘玄  蔡亚春  孙之夫  孙宗锋 《岩石学报》2015,31(4):1002-1014

胶东是我国重要的金矿集中区,同时也是重要的铜钼多金属成矿区。胶东中东部地区分布有一些不同规模的钼矿床,但是在胶西北地区,尚没有钼矿化的报道。随着深部探矿工作的不断推进,近来在胶西北三山岛金矿区,已发现含辉钼矿化的伟晶岩发育于胶东群和玲珑岩体内。伟晶岩主要由钾长石、石英、白云母、辉钼矿、萤石、黄铁矿组成,此外还含有少量的斜长石、黄铜矿、闪锌矿和赤铁矿等矿物。辉钼矿Re-Os模式年龄为149.9~151.3Ma,加权平均值为150.0±1.0Ma,Re-Os等时线年龄为149.7±1.5Ma,表明伟晶岩形成于约150Ma。钾长石中还发育有大量的矿物包体,包括黄铁矿、方铅矿、赤铁矿、金红石、氧化铬、重晶石、萤石、天青石、碘化锑以及一些含Fe、Mn、Mg、Ca、Sb的碳酸盐矿物,表明原始流体富含金属元素,具备形成金属矿床的潜力。石英中流体包裹体主要有两种类型:纯CO2包裹体和CO2-H2O包裹体,并且一些包裹体中存在少量的CH4、N2等组分。显微测温结果显示,纯CO2包裹体初熔温度的分布范围为-57.3~-56.6℃,部分均一温度的分布范围为18.5~25.1℃,包裹体的密度为0.71~0.79g/cm3。CO2-H2O包裹体的初熔温度为-57.4~-56.6℃,部分均一温度为9.4~31.1℃,笼合物消失温度为4.1~8.3℃,均一温度分布范围为279~350℃,其对应的盐度为3.33%~10.33%NaC leqv,包裹体的密度为0.74~1.00g/cm3。显微测温结果表明流体为富含挥发分、中低盐度的H2O-CO2-NaC l型热液。石英中流体包裹体的δD值的范围为-69.6‰~-56.3‰,δ18O值的分布范围为3.2‰~5.6‰,黄铁矿的δ34S值的范围为4.1‰~5.0‰,表明伟晶岩的形成与岩浆热液关系密切。钾长石的Pb同位素分析结果:206Pb/204Pb=16.7212~17.0287,207Pb/204Pb=15.4093~15.5139,208Pb/204Pb=37.4811~37.9003,其特征与玲珑花岗岩相似,而与胶东群变质岩和中生代脉岩的Pb同位素组成不同。辉钼矿Re含量变化范围为4.66×10-6~29.20×10-6,平均15.49×10-6。Re含量介于壳源与壳幔混源之间,但更偏向壳源,表明成矿物质主要来自于地壳。综合以上的研究成果,本文认为伟晶岩形成于玲珑花岗岩岩浆期后热液,其中辉钼矿化的出现对胶东钼矿化具有重要的指示意义。  相似文献   

Pleistocene–Holocene environmental change in the Canary Archipelago as inferred from the stable isotope composition of land snail shells     

Yurena Yanes  Crayton J. Yapp  Miguel Ibez  María R. Alonso  Julio De-la-Nuez  María L. Quesada  Carolina Castillo  Antonio Delgado 《Quaternary Research》2011,75(3):658-669

The isotopic composition of land snail shells was analyzed to investigate environmental changes in the eastern Canary Islands (28–29°N) over the last ~ 50 ka. Shell δ¹³C values range from −8.9‰ to 3.8‰. At various times during the glacial interval (~ 15 to ~ 50 ka), moving average shell δ¹³C values were 3‰ higher than today, suggesting a larger proportion of C₄ plants at those periods. Shell δ¹⁸O values range from −1.9‰ to 4.5‰, with moving average δ¹⁸O values exhibiting a noisy but long-term increase from 0.1‰ at ~ 50 ka to 1.6–1.8‰ during the LGM (~ 15–22 ka). Subsequently, the moving average δ¹⁸O values range from 0.0‰ at ~ 12 ka to 0.9‰ at present. Calculations using a published snail flux balance model for δ¹⁸O, constrained by regional temperatures and ocean δ¹⁸O values, suggest that relative humidity at the times of snail activity fluctuated but exhibited a long-term decline over the last ~ 50 ka, eventually resulting in the current semiarid conditions of the eastern Canary Islands (consistent with the aridification process in the nearby Sahara). Thus, low-latitude oceanic island land snail shells may be isotopic archives of glacial to interglacial and tropical/subtropical environmental change.  相似文献   

Climate fluctuations during the Holocene in NW Iberia: High and low latitude linkages     

L.D. Pena  G. Francés  P. Diz  M. Esparza  J.O. Grimalt  M.A. Nombela  I. Alejo 《Continental Shelf Research》2010

High resolution benthic foraminiferal stable isotopes (δ¹⁸O, δ¹³C) and molecular biomarkers in the sediments are used here to infer rapid climatic changes for the last 8200 years in the Ría de Muros (NW Iberian Margin). Benthic foraminiferal δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C potentially register migrations in the position of the hydrographic front formed between two different intermediate water masses: Eastern North Atlantic Central Water of subpolar origin (ENACW_sp) and subtropical origin (ENACW_st). The molecular biomarkers in the sediment show a strong coupling between continental organic matter inputs and negative δ¹³C values in benthic foraminifera. The rapid centennial and millennial events registered in these records have been compared with two well known North Atlantic Holocene records from the subtropical Atlantic sea surface temperatures (SST) anomalies off Cape Blanc, NW Africa and the subpolar Atlantic (Hematite Stained Grains percentage, subpolar North Atlantic). Comparison supports a strong link between high- and low-latitude climatic perturbations at centennial–millennial time scales during the Holocene. Spectral analyses also points to a pole-to-equator propagation of the so-called 1500 yr cycles. Our results demonstrate that during the Holocene, the NW Iberian Margin has undergone a series of rapid events which are likely triggered at high latitudes in the North Atlantic and are rapidly propagated towards lower latitudes. Conceivably, the propagation of these rapid climatic changes involves a shift in atmospheric and oceanic circulatory systems.  相似文献   

Chemical and isotopic compositions of thermal springs,fumaroles and bubbling gases at Tacaná Volcano (Mexico–Guatemala): implications for volcanic surveillance     

Dmitri Rouwet  Salvatore Inguaggiato  Yuri Taran  Nicholas Varley  José A. Santiago S. 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2009,71(3):319-335

This study presents baseline data for future geochemical monitoring of the active Tacaná volcano–hydrothermal system (Mexico–Guatemala). Seven groups of thermal springs, related to a NW/SE-oriented fault scarp cutting the summit area (4,100m a.s.l.), discharge at the northwest foot of the volcano (1,500–2,000m a.s.l.); another one on the southern ends of Tacaná (La Calera). The near-neutral (pH from 5.8 to 6.9) thermal (T from 25.7°C to 63.0°C) HCO₃–SO₄ waters are thought to have formed by the absorption of a H₂S/SO₂–CO₂-enriched steam into a Cl-rich geothermal aquifer, afterwards mixed by Na/HCO₃-enriched meteoric waters originating from the higher elevations of the volcano as stated by the isotopic composition (δD and δ¹⁸O) of meteoric and spring waters. Boiling temperature fumaroles (89°C at ~3,600m a.s.l. NW of the summit), formed after the May 1986 phreatic explosion, emit isotopically light vapour (δD and δ¹⁸O as low as −128 and −19.9‰, respectively) resulting from steam separation from the summit aquifer. Fumarolic as well as bubbling gases at five springs are CO₂-dominated. The δ¹³C_CO2 for all gases show typical magmatic values of −3.6 ± 1.3‰ vs V-PDB. The large range in ³He/⁴He ratios for bubbling, dissolved and fumarolic gases [from 1.3 to 6.9 atmospheric ³He/⁴He ratio (R _A)] is ascribed to a different degree of near-surface boiling processes inside a heterogeneous aquifer at the contact between the volcanic edifice and the crystalline basement (⁴He source). Tacaná volcano offers a unique opportunity to give insight into shallow hydrothermal and deep magmatic processes affecting the CO₂/³He ratio of gases: bubbling springs with lower gas/water ratios show higher ³He/⁴He ratios and consequently lower CO₂/³He ratios (e.g. Zarco spring). Typical Central American CO₂/³He and ³He/⁴He ratios are found for the fumarolic Agua Caliente and Zarco gases (3.1 ± 1.6 × 10¹⁰ and 6.0 ± 0.9 R _A, respectively). The L/S (5.9 ± 0.5) and (L + S)/M ratios (9.2 ± 0.7) for the same gases are almost identical to the ones calculated for gases in El Salvador, suggesting an enhanced slab contribution as far as the northern extreme of the Central American Volcanic Arc, Tacaná.  相似文献